Beijing has been struggling to improve its air quality, even as industries upwind in Hebei spew noxious fumes in its direction.
The rule was invalidated by a federal appellate court in August 2012 after it was challenged by a group of upwind states and industry because it enforced pollution controls primarily on coal plants.
This is mainly due to prevailing winds, the location of industry upwind of major population areas, temperature inversions that trap pollutants near ground level and topographical elevation created by the presence of the approximately 100 m high Niagara Escarpment [ 41] (see Figure 1).
Cheap hydroelectric power led to the development of several major industries directly upstream, upwind, and upgradient from the community.
Within 'Antwerp port' a significant overall difference for DNA-strand breaks (p < 0.0001) was found, with values in Burcht, close to a large non-ferro industry (2.97% DNA; 95% CI: 2.23, 3.95; n = 14) significantly higher than Beveren situated about 6 kilometres upwind of the mean industrial installations (1.00% DNA; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.20; n = 34).
Not only is Windsor economically tied to that sinking brick of the American car industry, but it's also upwind, so it lives under a semipermanent brown fog from Michigan's refineries.
The new standards, if they eventually take effect, would require cleaning up engines and industries in the Northeast, but would require even more cleanup in the upwind states in the Midwest, which would help the Northeast meet its goals, Mr. Colburn said.
The new ozone standard has been the subject of fierce dispute, imposing substantial costs on industry and pitting states against one another, depending on whether they are "upwind" or "downwind" of sources of pollution.
It's like sailing upwind.
