Figures 3(c)–(e) include concentrations measured upwind of the LAX boundary (these are indicated by faint yellow lines within the noise contour); the concentrations recorded were typical of the coastal baseline concentrations, less than 10 000 particles per cm (also see Figure S.8 in SI).
An upwind wave analysis is applied on the outflow boundary for constructing artificial outflow boundary conditions.
For analytical detection, samplers were placed 2 3 m above the ground approximately 10 20 m from feed yard boundaries, and samples were collected upwind and downwind of feed yards for 30 min at each location to obtain sufficient mass.
A MCFWT uses flow control techniques to impart the desired turbulence characteristics in lieu of using a roughness grid upwind of the test section to generate a boundary layer.
Monitoring focused on the area east of LAX (i.e., the predominant downwind direction) but included several runs along the boundary of the airport in the upwind direction and south of the airport complex during occasions of northerly winds in winter months.
Samples were taken upwind of the facility, within the operational area, at the site boundary and at locations downwind of the boundary (50, 80, 100, 150, 180 and 280 m).
Then it is altered such that boundary moments are replaced with the interface upwind value.
In contrast, the proposed compact schemes with improved boundary closure and an explicit higher-order upwind scheme produced correct results.
In order to enable fast explicit time stepping methods, the boundary conditions are imposed weakly using a numerically stable upwind discretization.
An adaptive TVD limiter, based on a limiter approximating the upper boundary of the TVD range and that of the third-order upwind TVD scheme, is developed in this work.
This structure is believed to look and behave very much like a comet's tail, extending outward for a further 40 AU on the upwind side but tailing many times that distance downwind; evidence from the Cassini and Interstellar Boundary Explorer spacecraft has suggested that it is forced into a bubble shape by the constraining action of the interstellar magnetic field.
