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Shrug exercises are often recommended to activate muscles that produce upward rotation, but little information is available on the activity of the downward rotators during shrugging exercises.
Normal scapular motion consists of substantial rotations around 3 axes, not simply upward rotation.
The SHR reportedly has a 2 1 ratio during scapular upward rotation with arm elevation.
We found that a kinesiological change point (the knot) developed during scapular upward rotation.
Hence, there is no consensus regarding the effects of external load on scapular upward rotation.
There was no interaction between the scapular upward rotation angle and the amount of external load, and no main effect was observed for the amount of external load on scapular upward rotation (df = 6.127, F = 1.218, p = 0.298) (Fig. 3).
We hypothesized that the knot can be identified during scapular upward rotation by interpolating discrete data, using the spline function defined in Equation (1), and subsequently observing the arm elevation angle and scapular upward rotation as continuous movements.
The measured values of scapular upward rotation were interpolated using the spline function, and scapular movements were analyzed using a line graph to calculate the kinesiological change point during scapular upward rotation.
Fig. 3 Scapular upward rotation and arm elevation for each external load (unloaded condition to loaded condition with 5 kg).
We did not examine the influence of the upper and lower trapezius/serratus anterior muscles on scapular upward rotation.
Fig. 1 The scapulohumeral rhythm was determined by calculating the ratio of glenohumeral elevation and scapular upward rotation.
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