Moss protonemata are a valuable system for studying gravitropism because both sensing and upward curvature (oriented tip growth) take place in the same cell.
The lip is oriented upward in the bud, but, as it later develops, the pedicel or ovary twists so that the lip is usually oriented downward by the time the flower opens, a process called resupination.
With injection oriented upward, results indicate that areal PCE recovery was 57 60% at the 30° dip angle, which was similar to PCE recovery for injection in the downward flow direction.
After the injection, the animals were kept in the lateral position with the injected ear oriented upward for 15 min before further measurements.
Equation (43) demonstrates clearly that the take off speed is lower than the one with t = 0 in the case that t > 0, or thrust is oriented upward, and higher in the case that thrust is oriented downward.
i) In the case of sinusoidal oscillations (Figure 10 top), the vectors for local minima and local maxima are superimposed on one line perpendicular to the diagonal, and their bisecting lines are superimposed on the diagonal, and oriented upward for the local minima, and downward for the local maxima.
Rearing with the head oriented upward did not count as exploration.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [see Supplemental Material, "Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)," pp. 6 7] is another viable option and would be the preferred form of microscopy for plate-like materials or those that tend to orient themselves on surfaces with their minimal dimension oriented upward.
In this case, the study was based on diffuse links with the emitter located at the centre of room B and oriented vertically upward.
