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When HNGF6A was infused intravenously (0.05 mg/kg/hr) during a hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin levels of 4.5±0.3 vs. 4.1±0.2 ng/ml in controls vs. HNGF6A, N.S), glucose infusion rates during clamp were significantly higher (P<0.05, Fig. 5A) and this was due to an enhancement of peripheral glucose uptake and suppression of HGP (P<0.05, Fig. 5B, Fig. 5C).
Diabetes reduces the efficiency of energy production by increase in fatty acid uptake and suppression of glucose oxidation.
Rats chronically (7 10 days) infused with insulin while maintaining euglycaemia became markedly resistant to the stimulation of glucose uptake and suppression of plasma NEFA by insulin [ 23], and became hypertensive [ 33].
Insulin receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) leads to the activation of downstream pathways (PI3K/AKT and MAPK) responsible for insulin action on glucose uptake and suppression of gluconeogenesis, cell growth and differentiation.
Insulin not only exerts effects on peripheral glucose uptake and suppression of hepatic glucose production, it also has profound effects on fat partitioning by promoting hepatic and peripheral lipogenesis (fat storage) as well as suppressing hepatic and peripheral lipolysis (inhibition of fat oxidation).
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These actions include stimulation of amino acids uptake and incorporation into protein, uridine and thymidine synthesis into nucleic acid glucose uptake, cell proliferation, and suppression of protein degradations [ 28].
In conclusion, SG declines in subjects whose glycemic status worsens, but our study cannot determine whether glucose uptake by tissues and suppression of endogenous glucose production by the liver are equally affected in each of the glucose tolerance categories.
Moreover, S100A4-deficient micexhibitit delayed tumor uptake, impaired stroma organization and suppression of metastasis [4], [6] [9].
The insulin-sensitising effects of adiponectin involve stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and suppression of gluconeogenesis in liver [ 5].
Adiponectin increases the body's sensitivity to insulin including stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and suppression of glucose production in liver, and affects the lipid metabolism by decreasing tissue fatty acid content and serum lipids.
Adiponectin exhibits insulin sensitizing effect, in part via AMPK activation in peripheral tissues that led to stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and suppression of glucose production in liver.
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