Rather than pointing to the need to prioritize upstream work ahead of downstream work, the Zimbabwean experience, shows that there is a complex interaction between downstream and upstream work.
4. Facilitate cross-sector learning on upstream work: There is need for more joint efforts across the different sector teams within UNICEF offices to undertake upstream work across the social sectors.
The focus of the evaluation was UNICEF's contribution to "upstream" work in education in the ten-year period, from 2003 to 2012.
Background: The focus of the evaluation was UNICEF's contribution to "upstream" work in education in the ten-year period, from 2003 to 2012.
For UNICEF Afghanistan, the need to strike a balance between immediate service delivery and upstream work around policy influence, advocacy and system strengthening was present from early on.
Lessons Learned: A few general lessons can be identified from the Cambodia case study: The context and history of UNICEF presence in a country has bearing on its ability to carry out upstream work effectively.
And there is concern that granting exclusive rights based on this upstream work would discourage scientists from doing the harder downstream work -- figuring out what the genes do and using the information to treat disease.
It is about that upstream work, it is about that end-the-end approach of people wanting to come from North Africa to the southern Mediterranean, to then travel through the Schengen area to northern France," he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.
"We focused a lot on the OpenStack projects and the upstream work and all those kinds of things.
