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Upstream volume (in3).
In this type of control system, metering rate is determined by the upstream volume and downstream capacity.
The difference between the upstream volume and downstream capacity determines the metering rate for the next cycle.
Second, the pulse decay technique requires sending a pressure pulse from the upstream volume, which will permeate through the sample to a downstream volume (Brace et al. 1968; Hsieh et al. 1981; Dicker and Smits 1988; Jones 1997).
Equation (7) represents the mass balance at x = L where μ ui is the fluid viscosity used in the experiment in the upstream reservoir at t = 0, c gui is the fluid compressibility in the upstream reservoir at time = 0, V u is the upstream volume, and A is the cross-sectional area of the sample that is perpendicular to the flow.
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Shell blamed lower oil and gas prices and "weak industry conditions" in downstream oil, as well as higher exploration expenses and lower upstream volumes.
If the downstream reservoir is infinite, the upstream reservoir volume is given by the slope of (Q_{{V_{d} }}) as a function of ({text{d}}P_text{{u}} /{text{d}}t,) multiplied by atmospheric pressure (since (P_text{{d}}) is equal to the atmospheric pressure).
In addition, based on the steady state ionized field model, the ion current environment of the real-size UHVDC transmission lines is simulated by upstream finite volume method to obtain a better physical understanding of the impact of wind.
This can be started from many aspects such as improving the TIAs biosynthesis pathway activity and upstream shunt volume of carbon skeleton.
The mechanisms of flame spread at the steady state are interpreted by applying an energy balance principle for the control volume upstream of the flame leading edge.
In the model, R sys increases to stop flow leaving the systemic circulation to maintain preload on the left ventricle, whereas E es, rvf rises to push blood through the more resistant pulmonary system to avoid accumulation of volume upstream of the embolism and to prevent the right heart from overdistending.
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