It is true that upstream cap-and-trade, the type that was under consideration in the United States, leaves relatively little room for a carbon tax.
o Move emissions trading upstream.
Carbon pricing would be far simpler and more transparent if emission allowances were all traded upstream -- in other words, at well heads, mine mouths, ports and refineries where oil, gas and coal enter the economy.
An economy-wide, upstream cap-and-trade system on the carbon content of fossil fuels can cover all fossil-fuel-related CO2 emissions without needing to regulate each emissions source individually.
This could be done with a simple upstream cap-and-trade system in which all of the needed allowances are sold (auctioned) - not given freely - to fossil-fuel producers and importers, and a very large share - say 75% - of the revenue is rebated directly to American households through monthly checks in a progressive scheme through which all individuals receive identical payments.
As such, addressing upstream drivers such as trade policy could form an essential part of strategies to improve population nutrition.
BP has whittled down its portfolio of refineries in recent years to a core of high-grade facilities integrated into broader operations such as trading and upstream production.
One stock, Mizuho Financial Group, managed to swim upstream against the current, trading marginally higher on sheer increased visibility after the firm's recent profit warning.
The Upstream segment markets and trades natural gas, including liquefied natural gas, power and natural gas liquids and is responsible for its activities in oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production, and midstream transportation, storage and processing.
Such a trading-ratio system has three main characteristics: (1) the zonal effluent cap is set by taking into account the water pollutant loads transferred from the upstream zones; (2) the trading ratios are set equal to the exogenous transfer coefficients among zones; and (3) permits are freely tradable among dischargers according to the trading ratios.
