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Consider Apple, which successfully wrested back control of the value chain from upstream players.
More importantly, these companies have created incentives for "upstream" players in the textile supply chain, those who provide dyes and detergents, to weigh-in and start vying for a share in the market for safer alternatives.
Customers can also be the downstream or upstream players in a company's value chain: Grocery retailer Kroger captures shopping data generated by its rewards card and sells it to consumer packaged-goods companies thirsty for a deeper understanding of their customers' shopping habits and evolving tastes and preferences.
Stewart Glickman, equity analyst at S&P Global Market Intelligence, points out that with global crude production now in the early stages of a reversal, many upstream players should face difficulties.
Thus, resistance of hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells impinges on the RB1 pathway, yet the causal upstream players may vary (Thangavel et al, 2011).
Second, we aimed at genes that contribute to sex differentiation, but upstream players that might play a role in sex determination as well.
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Recent studies point to the role of Tat-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase, a membrane protein, as a key upstream player involved in the activation of MAPK signaling pathways [67].
Among the various proinflammatory mediators interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the most upstream player within the cytokine cascade.
In this study, we analyzed in NIH3T3 cells the dichotomous (proliferative/migratory) functions of AR and identified the AR/FlnA complex as the upstream player of the non-proliferative, migratory phenotype.
Mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways involve modulation of the expression of genes such as p53, the key upstream player in apoptosis, and Bcl-2 family genes (Green and Reed, 1998; Sheikh and Fornace, 2000).
Yet, the mechanisms upstream (the players causing the changes in Ca2+ signaling) and downstream (the targets of the altered Ca2+ signals) of this Ca2+-dependent autophagy pathway remain elusive.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com