b Knuckle-upstream orientation.
Two operational orientations of the lifted pantograph are considered in each position: the knuckle-downstream orientation and the knuckle-upstream orientation, as shown in Fig. 6.
(2) When pantographs are fixed on the rear end of the last middle car and the lifted pantograph is in the knuckle-upstream orientation, the total aerodynamic drag force of the high-speed train is the minimum.
(5) Considering the total aerodynamic drag force of the train and the aerodynamic lift force of the lifted pantograph, when the pantographs are fixed on the rear end of the last middle car and the lifted pantograph is in the knuckle-upstream orientation, the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train is the best. .
Li et al. [8] analyzed the aerodynamic forces of pantographs with knuckle-downstream and knuckle-upstream orientation through a numerical simulation based on the three-dimensional (3D) steady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) method, and the simulation results were basically consistent with the experimental results.
Among the eight cases, considering the total aerodynamic drag force of the train and the aerodynamic lift force of the lifted pantograph, when the pantographs are fixed on the rear end of the last middle car and the lifted pantograph is in the knuckle-upstream orientation, the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train is the best.
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that considering the total aerodynamic drag force of the train and the aerodynamic lift force of the lifted pantograph, when the pantographs are fixed on the rear end of the last middle car and the lifted pantograph is in the knuckle-upstream orientation, the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train is the best.
The structural elements of a bona fide repABC plasmid [83], i.e. a canonical repABC operon encoding plasmid replication and maintenance function with its counter-transcribed small RNA in divergent orientation upstream of repC, and a palindromic 16 nt sequence GTTCTCAGCTGAGAAC fitting the par binding site consensus sequence [83] upstream of repA, were also found within the dcm region.
From these results we conclude that Rb-int behaves as a constitutive enhancer downstream of CYC6 whereas it exerts a positive effect on CYC6 induction by Ni and TETA when placed in 3'-5' orientation, upstream of the CYC6 promoter.
AtEHD2 was cloned in the sense orientation upstream of the GFP gene into the binary vector pBINPLUS [54] between the 35S-Ω promoter containing the translation enhancer signal and the Nos terminator, generating Pro35S AtEHD2-GFP.
Next, the FLP-inducible rep68 expression unit from pGS.pA+.Rep68 was inserted in either orientation upstream of the p5IEE in the dHV shuttle construct pAd/AAV.EGFP [14], hereafter referred to as pdHV, to generate pdHV.68/5'3' and pdHV.68/3'5', respectively (Fig. 1A).
