Typically, PARS scores drop immediately upstream of the translation initiation site to favour translation initiation.
In the present work, 2.6 kb upstream of the translation start site of the human cathepsin G gene was cloned.
Transcriptional activity could be regulated by a variety of factors including cAMP levels, Ca2+, and particularly by a 125-bp region adjacent to an intron located 23 bp upstream of the translation initiating ATG.
When transfected to monoblast-like U937 or to acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells, both expressing endogenous cathepsin G, the initial 360 bp upstream of the translation start were sufficient to direct a strong expression of a luciferase reporter gene.
The 5′ RACE analysis of the human testis mRNA revealed the existence of a previously unreported transcription start site at 317 bp upstream of the translation start site (ATG).
We examined approximately 2 kb upstream of the translation start site within humans and non-human primates to obtain a fine resolution map of evolutionarily and functionally relevant cis-regulatory differences.
The OsSUT2 DNA fragment upstream of the translation start site, located from −830 to −1 bp, was amplified by PCR using specific primers (forward primer with SacI site: 5′-GAGCTCTTAAGGAGCACCAA-3′; reverse primer with SmaI site: 5′-CCCGGGCTTCTTCTCGTGTT-3′).
These positions corresponded to −367, −131 and −128 bp, respectively, upstream of the translation start site.
Primers were designed to include an intact Kozak sequence upstream of the translation start site.
The genomic position of these 5' untranslated exons is about 50 kb upstream of the translation start site [45], [46].
Another locus, rs28416813, was a G to C substitution at 37 base pairs upstream of the translation initiation site[23].
