The funnel shape around the proteins' native states can describe mechanisms of upstream signal integration and downstream response.
Paper identifies the key role of resource allocation constraints, path dependency of project decisions, and problem-solving nature of design and concludes with strategic recommendations for upstream operational integration to mitigate the impact of design boundary dynamics on infrastructure projects.
Transduction of cellular oncogenes by retroviruses is thought to be a multistep process, involving transcriptional activation of a cellular gene by upstream proviral integration and joining of cellular DNA to retroviral transcriptional signals, followed by copackaging and recombination with a helper virus genome during reverse transcription.
Therefore, we PCR-quantitated an adjacent portion of the mini-EBV genome which is located 0.6 kb upstream of the integration site (integration II, dashed blue line Figure 2C).
Genotyping was typically performed using three-primer PCR: forward genomic primer upstream of the integration, reverse genomic primer downstream of the integration, and a gene trap (Tol2) primer.
The U.S. Global Health Initiative calls for both "upstream" and "downstream" integration to coordinate and integrate health interventions [ 1].
In the majority of cases, MMTV activates Int gene expression as a result of proviral integration upstream of the promoter region.
In order to visualize SHF progenitor cells and OFT development in mutant embryos, we crossed Hes1+/− mice with the Mlc1v-nlacZ-24 transgenic line, in which transgene integration upstream of the Fgf10 locus results in expression in pharyngeal mesoderm, including cells of the SHF, OFT and right ventricle (Fig. 6A) [3].
Strikingly, two distant TE families target their integration upstream σA dependent promoters.
Correct upstream and downstream integration was verified by amplifying across both junctions by colony PCR using primer pairs oLC2802/oLC275 and oLC2804/oLC300, respectively.
