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Hence, using upstream indicators does not necessarily mean reducing applicable uncertainty or adjustment factors.
Some of these themes are not unique to the use of upstream indicators as the basis of hazard identification and risk assessment.
In contrast, upstream indicators of adverse effects, such as changes in hormone levels or cellular markers of immune function, are often measured on a continuous scale.
How should changes in upstream indicators within "normal" ranges be considered in evaluating potential for overt downstream outcomes in susceptible individuals and populations?
9 INFORMAS aims to complement existing monitoring efforts of the WHO, such as the global NCD monitoring framework, which is deficient with regard to those more upstream indicators.
Other relevant data could include, but are not limited to, mechanistic data, in vitro data, or data based on upstream indicators of a health effect.
Similar(46)
In hazard identification and risk assessment, TH levels could serve as an upstream indicator of adverse effects on neurologic development.
For situations in which the interindividual variability in a continuous upstream indicator is high, alternative methods to detect adverse changes in the biologic parameter will need to be developed.
Crucially, therefore, whether citrullination in RA in fact represents the initiating step in disease induction, an upstream indicator of immune dysregulation, or indeed a downstream 'bystander' phenomenon, has yet to be ascertained, and continues to be the subject of intense investigation.
Impact of vegetative contour strips, mulching, and tied ridges were determined for: (i) three upstream key indicators: soil loss, crop transpiration and soil evaporation, and (ii) two downstream indicators: sediment inflow in reservoirs and groundwater recharge.
Consequently, slight perturbations in upstream biological indicators are more likely to increase risk of subsequent downstream events given an already more activated state among segments of the population.
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