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There are clearly multiple upstream drivers of a single downstream mediator and vice versa.
As such, addressing upstream drivers such as trade policy could form an essential part of strategies to improve population nutrition.
Is it better to target the downstream targets or the upstream drivers of cancer-promoting growth factor intracellular signaling pathways or both?
Uncertainties are cascaded sequentially through model components starting with "upstream" drivers (e.g., mitigation options, emissions, carbon cycle response, and global climate sensitivity) and then "downstream" to local climate change, exposures, and health impacts.
However, there are a multitude of ligands (e.g. IL-6, OSM, EGF, HGF, IGF) and kinases (RTKs, JAKs, SRC family members) that initiate STAT3 activation and thus there are many potential upstream drivers that could contribute to the observed dysregulation [ 9].
The program's orientation is toward 'addressing the upstream drivers that influence the political, social, cultural, economic, and environmental determinants of health and development' (6) by supporting innovative international approaches to health knowledge generation and synthesis through research, health research capacity development, and the use of evidence for health policy and practice.
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Fluid flow acts to regularize this behavior by transferring energy from the upstream driver to the fluid.
A core upstream driver of the nutrition transition is globalization [ 4- 6].
However, the upstream driver signals culminating in activation of this machinery remains largely uncharacterized [ 5, 6].
Our results suggest that sortilin may be part of the recently postulated upstream driver, represented by NGF/proNGF signaling [32].
In cell cultures EMT is usually induced by growth factors including HGF, VEGF, and most commonly TGF-β, which is widely considered to be the upstream driver of EMT 25.
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