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The effect of upstream concentration on the required mechanical pressure was determined by estimating the theoretical osmotic pressure of the feed solution.
The inflow from the upstream concentration of contaminants is 150 mg/L.
The upstream scheme to obtain (k_{{{text{r}}l}}^{text{ups}}) is the same as that to obtain the upstream concentration, (C_{kappa }^{text{ups}},) which we will explain in the next subsection.
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Time lag permeation experiments have been traditionally conducted with weakly adsorbing species or at low upstream concentrations, in order to simplify the asymptotic solution of the mass balance equations.
These simulations revealed that the microbial decay, the upstream concentrations and the discharge of untreated wastewater were the primary factors controlling the concentrations in the river, while wind and the contribution from the diffuse sources (i.e. urban and agricultural runoff) were unlikely to have a major influence.
We varied hydraulic conditions (winter baseflow, summer baseflow, storm flow), biogeochemical parameters (literature hyporheic zone denitrification rates and newly available inset floodplain removal rates) and boundary conditions (upstream NO3− concentration), sediment conditions (hydraulic conductivity), and stream restoration design parameters (inset floodplain length).
More precisely, vertical integration may create incentives for foreclusion, increase providers' (upstream) market concentration and consequently raise the input prices for nonintegrated insurers (downstream firms): the so-called "raise rivals' cost" effect [5].
Indeed, most control cells migrated upstream a concentration gradient of EGF, but NAV3-depleted cells failed reading the gradient (Fig 5D).
Concentrations of dissolved arsenic in this pond reached 86 μg/L, compared with upstream water concentrations of 0.1 0.4 μg/L.
If downstream enzymes were saturated, a sensitivity of upstream metabolite concentrations to these enzymatic levels would arise.
We measured real-time concentrations upstream of the concentrator and in the chamber using a Fisher Scientific DataRam 4 monitor (Franklin, MA) and used these concentrations to calculate the concentration factor, which ranged from 4- to 10-fold.
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