This gene encodes a 43-kDa protein initially identified in homocysteine-treated endothelial cells and later shown to be upregulated in various human and mouse cell types (termed RTP, Drg1, Cap43, rit42, Ndr1).
Consistent with these results, miR-181 has also been reported to be upregulated in various human cancer types, including CRC (Nakajima et al., 2006; Xi et al., 2006; Schetter et al., 2008; Degagne et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014), hepatocellular cancer (Wang et al., 2010a), breast cancer (Mansueto et al., 2010) and ovarian cancer (Parikh et al., 2014).
In fact, the expression level of miR-96 is frequently upregulated in various human tumor types, including colorectal cancer, hepatocellular tumors (HCC) and chronic myeloid leukemia cells [39] [41].
MiR-21 is upregulated in various human cancers [ 4, 6, 25].
However, Sall2 is upregulated in various human cancers and is essential for glioblastoma propagation.
N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) is a recently described hypoxia-inducible protein that is upregulated in various human cancers.
It is upregulated in various malignancies including human cervical carcinomas.
It is upregulated in various malignancies, including human ovarian carcinomas, it promotes invasion, metastasis, growth, and survival of malignant cells, and it also confers resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs.
XIAP is upregulated in various malignancies, including human glioblastoma.
In accord with 16INK4A-mediated senescence playing an important role in ageing, 16INK4A has been shown to be upregulated in various tissues in aged humans and rodents, and overexpression of p16INK4A in mice to a degree observed with ageing leads to decreased β-islet regeneration (Krishnamurthy et al, 2004; Krishnamurthy et al, 2006; Ressler et al, 2006).
Besides being ubiquitously expressed in many human tissues, it is found to be upregulated in various cancers such as cervical cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia.
