Sentence examples for upper trophic level from inspiring English sources
We provide a modeling framework that fully couples a one-dimensional physical mixed layer model, a biogeochemical model, and an upper trophic level fisheries model.
A mathematical model was used to investigate the effect of cannibalism intensity on the net primary production and the dynamics of trophic links in an aquatic ecosystem characterized by cannibalism at the upper trophic level.
This paper presents a thorough description of the model itself, as well as an ensemble-based parameterization process that allows the model to incorporate the high level of uncertainty associated with many upper trophic level predator-prey processes.
We present the results of a 50-year climatological simulation, which demonstrates that under contemporary physical forcing, the model is capable of reproducing long-term seasonal dynamics in primary production and biogeochemical cycling, while maintaining steady-state coexistence of upper trophic level functional groups at levels consistent with observations.
We used a combination of Bt and non-Bt cotton plants, and of prey, with one treatment conveying Bt Cry1Ac toxin to the upper trophic level [Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae (BAW)] and the other prey item free of toxin [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) eggs (CEW)].
In the Bay of Fundy, humans have reduced the biomass of the upper trophic level of vertebrates by at least an order of magnitude [33].
Copepods, small planktonic crustaceans, are key links between primary producers and upper trophic levels, including many economically important fishes.
The present data illustrate that root architecture not only modifies plant quality but also shapes upper trophic levels' ecology.
Species that occupy the upper trophic levels, normally beyond the level of secondary consumers, are classified as predators.
However, this process would have favoured also upper trophic levels, due to bottom-up cascading effects [31].
These results reveal that the parasitofauna of the Baltic fish, and associated upper trophic levels, is substantially richer than that of the local ichthyofauna (Table 1).
