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Thermal cycling with upper temperatures over 500°C may also result in structural damage.
We found that carapace temperatures were greater near structures (fence or unfenced road) than away from structures; tortoises near the unfenced road had higher mean carapace temperatures, but tortoises along the fence experienced more extreme upper temperatures that approached the species' thermal limit.
The column temperature was programmed from 70°C to 280°C at a rate of 20°C /min with the lower and upper temperatures being held for 3 and 10 min, respectively.
These temperatures were chosen to represent lower, medium and upper temperatures experienced by developing grayling larvae in nature [ 52], and thus we would be able to investigate norms of reaction covering the range of temperatures that grayling may be expected to tolerate.
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In this heat, no one really wants to eat warm apple pie or anything else in the upper temperature ranges.
The importance of setting an upper temperature limit is also backed by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, writing in the Observer.
"Direct microscopic observation indicated that micro-organisms were attached to mineral surfaces throughout the structure," they wrote, adding that the discovery suggested that further research would expand "the known upper temperature limits of life".
As an example, the properties of materials limit the practical upper temperature for thermal power plants to T1 ≅ 1,200 K. Taking T2 to be the temperature of the environment (300 K), the maximum efficiency is 1 − 300/1,200 = 0.75.
The figure comes from extensive empirical research conducted by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, which determined that 79 degrees was the upper temperature threshold at which most people could maintain comfort.
A bottom-hole temperature of 363 °C was measured, the upper temperature limit of the probe.
The upper temperature limit is set by the Kapton seals polymer and coil wire insulation.
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