Such an equilibrium is described by formula (1) and oxygen molecules may be found in the lower and upper states of Fig. 1.
The calculations show that about 32 ps of the upper state lifetime and about 9 cm−1 of optical gain are obtained, which are enhanced when compared to previous designs.
The narrow frequency band of the source provides for greater energy selectivity of the upper state that is being populated.
The "standard" reflection model is improved by taking into account the curvature of the upper state potential (in addition to its slope).
However, the observed population of the rotational levels is determined by the excitation mechanisms and the rotational level population of the electronic states from which the upper electronic state of the chosen molecule band is populated.
For all synapses in the group, the upper bound of the synaptic weight was no longer fixed at 1.0 as in Eq. 5. Instead the bound was given by a maximal value (Wmax) minus the product of an increment (Winc) with the number of strong synapses (W>0.4, corresponding to the upper stable state of W).
In 1948, the Upper Colorado River Basin Compact set up a proportional sharing of the upper states' entitlement: Colorado 51,75 %, Utah 23 %, Wyoming 14%%, New-Mexico 11,25 % and northern Arizona 0,7 %.
Despite his efforts to placate the South, rebels interpreted the Inaugural as a declaration of war, and the upper slaveholding states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas soon seceded.
President Obama's strategists say that they are determined to defend the Electoral College map that produced his 2008 victory -- including, if not especially, the upper Southern states of Virginia and North Carolina.
