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The rocket was a combination of V-2 technology and American upper stages.
There has been a constant evolution of upper stages used with the Soyuz launcher; in 1999 upper stages with restartable rocket engines entered service.
Since the first orbital launch (Sputnik), in 1957, there have been many different upper stages.
Several upper stages have been used with more than one family of launch vehicle.
Solid-propellant upper stages have also been used with the Delta and Titan launch vehicles.
Soviet and Russian launch vehicles have used a variety of upper stages; most have used conventional kerosene as fuel.
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Use of the Agena upper stage extended through the mid-1980s.
Initial versions of the Ariane 5 used hypergolic propellant in its upper stage, though a new cryogenic upper stage was introduced in 2006.
The ESA used a cryogenic upper stage for its Ariane 1 4 launchers.
Another U.S. upper stage, used with the Atlas and Titan launch vehicles, is Centaur.
To extend the reach of the shuttle's payloads to higher altitudes (and to serve as an upper stage for the Titan IV launcher), Boeing produces the solid-fueled Inertial Upper Stage rocket.
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