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A second test in 2014 would have used a functional upper stage and spacecraft.
The next three stacks simulate the shape and weight of the rest of the upper stage.
NASA is developing a more powerful upper stage for the second flight.
Initial versions of the Ariane 5 used hypergolic propellant in its upper stage, though a new cryogenic upper stage was introduced in 2006.
After release from Columbia, an Inertial Upper Stage was used to further boost the observatory.
The ESA used a cryogenic upper stage for its Ariane 1 4 launchers.
Use of the Agena upper stage extended through the mid-1980s.
Another U.S. upper stage, used with the Atlas and Titan launch vehicles, is Centaur.
payload and expendable upper stage) in the RLV results in only one aerodynamically affected flight configuration.
GSLV also employs passivation of the Cryogenic Upper Stage at the end of its useful mission.
This paper discusses the thrust vector control (TVC) of the upper stage during its orbit transfer.
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