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Compared to the proliferation of research outcomes for the upper secondary grades and college years, those for the younger grades appear limited.
Secondary education in Greece is distinguished into lower secondary (grades 7-9; 13-15 yearsyeattendancedance is compulsory) and upper secondary (grades 10-12; 16-18 yearsyeattendancedance is not compulsory).
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In the upper secondary school grades are given each term.
Five studies (i.e., Chao et al. 2015; Huang and Hong 2016; Kettle 2013; Schultz et al. 2014; Wang 2016) involved upper secondary students (Grade 10 to 12), four studies (i.e., Chen 2016; Clark 2015; Mazur et al. 2015; Snyder et al. 2014) involved ninth graders, and one study (i.e., DeSantis et al. 2015) involved Grade 9 to 11 students.
Academic merits were defined as upper secondary school grade point average (GPA) or scores from the Swedish Scholastic Assessment Test (SweSAT).
By means of multilevel models and repeated measurements, we analysed data from 487 students from commercial upper secondary schools in grades 9 through 11.
By means of three-level models involving repeated measurements, we analysed data from 487 students (74 % female; aget0: M = 14.40 years, SD = 0.74) from Austrian commercial upper secondary schools in grades 9 through 11.
Under the new rules, schools will not be penalized for poor scores on state standarized tests if they have fewer than 40 voucher students enrolled in the upper elementary or secondary grades.
The INVALSI survey currently involves the universe of pupils attending the 2nd and the 5th grades primary school, 8th grade lower secondary school, and the 10th grade upper secondary school (about 2,850,000 students and 15,000 schools).
Furthermore, longitudinal data from 14 commercial upper secondary school classes from grades 9 through 11 measured on four occasions was used.
The fourth survey was made the last school year of upper secondary school, in 12th grade (age 17 18).
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