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In these cases, an upper sample size limit (UL) is introduced in order to prevent inflation of type I error.
An upper sample size limit of 300 full text papers (approximately 50 papers for each of the three taxa and two countries) was set prior to the database search, based on pragmatic considerations including the time taken to read each paper in sufficient detail to make a thorough, accurate and reliable assessment.
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Whereas median (and lower and upper quartiles) sample size of empirical studies in Table 1 was 1127 (710, 2913), such sample sizes can only explicitly prove a difference from the prediction of R = 1.90 at a margin of error 5%.
Conservative estimates of outcome variance and 6-week retention utilized in the initial design of the study yielded an overall upper-bound sample size of n = 400.
Each consisted of the GC-RMA log2 scale signal intensity data for the paired treatments (e.g. Upper and Mock) (sample size = 3 × 24 = 72).
For the detection of upper gastrointestinal lesions, our sample size estimation was based on the fact that the detectability of the guaiac-based test for the upper gastrointestinal lesions should be interpreted together with a negative FIT. 7 We anticipated that the prevalence of the upper gastrointestinal lesions would be higher in cases with positive guaiac-based tests, but negative FIT.
In the current paper, we compared k-fold cross-validation when the value of k was set to either its lower limit (k = 2 = the Split-half analysis) or to its upper limit (for our sample size k = 33 = the Leave-One-Out analysis).
Table 1 The study kebeles in the Gelana sub watershed of Northern highlands of Ethiopia Name of the kebele Position in the sub-watershed Total No. of households Sample size Jarota Upper stream 1680 52 Wutie Middle stream 2744 85 Habru Ligo Lower stream 1271 39 Total 5695 176.
Because of our small sample size, the upper 95% CL exceeded the usual cut-off for cost-effective interventions.
aBecause of the relatively small sample size, the upper limit of the 95% CI approximates but does not equal 100%.
Plots of the root mean-squared error (calculated as the square-root of the sum of bias and SD) plus the upper 95% confidence interval versus sample size constructed from random and regular sampling simulations overlapped.
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