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The three systems were (a) full-depth web bearing stiffeners, (b) "doubler" plates attached to the web, or (c) stiffening elements applied to the upper (loaded) web-flange junction of the specimen.
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The upper loading plateau begins at a lower strain and is present over a longer strain range.
Peak neck tension as measured at the upper load cell of the dummy increased with inflator aggressivity from 992 to 1670 N.
Following the loss of an inner column, a moment resisting frame initially carries the upper load by the flexural mechanism with potential contribution from the catenary mechanism as the beams connected to the failed column deflect.
Increasing the height merely results in an increase in upper loading, and results in waste with a denser micro-structure and with closer cohesion at the bottom of the lysimeters, which was not suitable for the leaching out of soluble constituents or heavy metals.
Normal stress is applied to the sample, in excess of the pore fluid pressure (P f ) measured in the vessel, via a pressure-compensated upper loading piston, so that the effective normal stress (σneff) is equal to the axially applied stress (see Den Hartog et al. 2012a).
Further continuous increase of the upper load limit was applied using the same setup and cycles until failure occurred.
The upper loading span was spaced 10 mm apart and the lower static span was spaced 20 mm apart.
The upper loading rig was mounted on a pivot to ensure symmetrical loading of the irregularly shaped rat tibias at all four loading points.
The upper loading rig was mounted on a pivot in order to ensure symmetrical loading of the irregularly shaped rat tibiae at all four loading points.
The upper load was increased by 50 N after each 10 cycle block until failure, while the lower load remained 100 N throughout the test (Fig. 2).
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