In the upper airway, glucose concentrations are normally ~0.4 mM, 12.5 times lower than in plasma at ~5 mM, which serves to deprive bacteria of a potential food source and thus limits bacterial growth [ 1– 4].
In addition to the constrained large-scale optimization, naturally present input constraints (lower and upper bound on feed rates) and state constraints (lower bound on all concentration related states and upper bound on glucose concentration) are accounted for in an explicit manner with moving horizon estimator and model predictive controller.
However, the upper bound of the glucose concentration in ([0,T]) is not necessarily the glucose concentration at time T (i.e. G(T)).
That is to say, the upper bound of the glucose concentration we obtained in Sect. 3 will decrease with the increase of the injection dose.
For every case, we give the upper and lower bounds of the glucose concentration.
However, the precise upper limit for clinically desirable blood glucose concentration is still under debate [ 2, 8, 39].
Finally, 6 of the 23 dogs that had serum ALP concentration and 6 out of the 20 dogs that had serum glucose concentration analysed had a concentration exceeding the upper reference range.
When the lowest category was open ended, its category blood glucose concentration was calculated as the average of the upper bound and 3.9 because the lower limit of fasting blood glucose is normally around 3.9 mmol/L.
Following the depletion of the substrate during an initial batch phase, the residual glucose concentration in the bioreactor is typically maintained within pre-determined upper and lower concentration limits.
Of these, the median lower limit of allowed blood glucose concentration was 4.0 mmol/l (range 3.0 to 7.0), with an upper limit of 8.0 mmol/l (range 6.0 to 12.0).
