Sentence examples for upper energy levels from inspiring English sources

Since the two upper energy levels are very close (εbc = 0.03 eV), it is reasonable to consider μab = μab = μ.

At the same time, assuming ñ = 10, we find from (6) that n ∼ 10 is a characteristic quantum level of the oscillator excited by magnetic field, i.e., there are transitions from the ground level to upper energy levels of the oscillation spectrum of vertical BL.

In addition, the 4f to 5d transition is witted in upper energy level between 250 and 220 nm [26].

By increasing the control field, the upper energy level splits more; then, the probe field with smaller energy can be absorbed.

The intensity of the emission line corresponding to the transmission between the upper energy level k and the lower energy level L is given by I kl = k N k A kl h v kl, Open image in new window (9).

The lag in filling upper vibrational energy levels of nitrogen also results in a lower effective heat capacity for the mixture in the vibrational kinetics case than in the vibrational equilibrium case.

Molecules excited to upper singlet energy levels (S2 etc).

The feature 1c is from a transition in an upper pair of energy levels and has a g-value almost invariant with zero-field energies, so it becomes more prominent when a distribution in these energies is significant.

In summary, two adjacent energy levels, the upper 2H11/2 level and the lower 4S3/2, can relatively change with temperature increase, which is fitting the Boltzmann distributing law, and it may be used to be as thermally coupled levels [36].

(Note that is the bit energy normalized by the noise power spectral level.)In our setting, the capacity will be replaced by the achievable rate expressions and hence the resulting bit energy, denoted by, provides the least amount of normalized bit energy values in the worst-case scenario and also serves as an upper bound on the achievable bit energy levels in the channel.

In collisional pumping, this population inversion is instead produced by collisions that excite molecules to energy levels above that of the upper maser level, and then the molecule decays to the upper maser level by emitting photons.