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Sampling frames were derived from a previous population census and sample sizes of subjects were calculated and divided into clusters with the desired precision of 5%, assuming a coverage of 85%, a 95% confidence interval, and a design effect of 2. Lower and upper coverage thresholds were set and decision values were defined in accordance with LQAS methods.
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Lower slope snow is at times wet but upper slope coverage offers excellent conditions in most Alpine resorts.
However, upper lip coverage was rated as unattractive by the younger group.
In contrast, adolescents and young adults rated upper lip coverage as unattractive at any level.
Upper lip coverage and gingival display of 0 and 2 mm were considered attractive by the older group.
This perception was probably caused by the assumption that upper lip coverage is a sign of aging [39].
In the older group, upper lip coverage was preferred, as this is prone to occur at their age.
The tendency in the younger group was that increased upper lip coverage of the teeth resulted in a more unattractive smile.
In contrast, our study found that adults accepted upper lip coverage as well as a gummy smile of up to 4 mm.
Upper lip coverage tends to increase with age due to lip sagging [39], and therefore, the percentage of gummy smiles may be higher among younger age groups and lower among older adults.
Ioi at al. [5] reported that both Asian adolescences and adults showed a threshold of acceptability for upper incisor coverage of 0 5 mm in males and 0 2 mm in females.
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