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The rate of peroxynitrite formation is increased many fold upon their activation: for rat alveolar macrophages activated with PMA, it was found to reach the level of ∼100 pmol 10 cells–10min–10
These results raise the question of how many intragenic enhancers may be active in a cell and whether upon their activation or silencing they may affect the processing of the host gene, possibly by means of local changes of the chromatin state.
CGRP is the main neuropeptide of a major part of nociceptive trigeminal afferents and is released upon their activation.
For example, CD4+ T lymphocytes can polarize toward different T helper cell types upon their activation.
Mast cells also express the IL-33-related family members IL-1β and IL-18 upon their activation [28], [29].
The most likely candidates are IL-12, -15, and -18, which are released from DC upon their activation.
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While NCBs provide a high fluorescence enhancement ratio upon activation, their activation colors are currently limited.
The roles of these proteins in cancer cell physiology, upon their aberrant activation in tumors, also remain to be elucidated.
iNKT cells can secrete large quantities of IL-4 (Th2) and IFN-γ (Th1) upon TCR activation, and their activation has been shown to have roles in activating NK cells, B cells and T cells.
Cytoglobin, first named STAP (stellate cell activation-associated protein), was initially located in HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) during their activation upon liver fibrosis.
Therefore, their activation upon microbial encounter may be deleterious for the host, providing innate signals that contribute to the breakdown of tolerance and unleash autoimmune effector cells.
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