Amongst other things, this depends upon what data are being transmitted along the chain, which itself depends on the available bandwidth and its cost.
These observations are consistent with a change in conformation and/or flexibility of PCNA upon DNA binding that is transmitted from the inner surface to the outer rim of the clamp, where it is sensed by the sumoylation system.
The survival signals generated upon cell-ECM adhesion are transmitted by FAK and its downstream effectors SRC, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K /AKT, and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2 -MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) axes.
In 1482, while in Scotland, King Edward IV established a temporary relay of riders between London and Berwick-upon-Tweed, which allowed messages to be transmitted within two days, and appears to have imitated a system used by Louis XI of France.
Upon receptor activation, the signal is transmitted intracellularly by stabilization of Armadillo (Arm)/β-catenin.
Much work is still to be done to determine how these mechanisms are set in play upon fertilization and how they are transmitted during subsequent cleavage stages.
Although there are now some indications that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in cell fate determination, much work is needed to discover how such mechanisms are set in play upon fertilization and how they are transmitted through cell division.
Qian has demonstrated that the local changes in the conformational fluctuations of a protein upon binding to its ligand are transmitted to the rest of the protein, and the enthalpy and the entropy associated with these conformational fluctuations compensate each other.
The gram negative, nonmotile B. mallei bacillus is the causative agent of glanders, a disease that can be transmitted to humans upon cutaneous, mucosal or aerosol exposure to mucopurulent discharge from the eyes, nose and lips of infected solipeds [1].
Upon antibody stimulation, a conformational change is transmitted from the TCR ectodomains to the CD3 cytoplasmic tails, which become packed into a more compact structure with reduced accesibility for trypsin.
