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Being able to customise Android is certainly one of the operating system's strengths, but it also introduces a weakness beyond European commission filings: software update delays.
We can find that the error varies for different update delays and different speeds.
Errors due to ranging and position update delays can be reduced by using the shorter 20 nanoseconds scan window option.
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PMIPv6, on the other hand, reduces binding update delay hence ultimately reducing the handover delay.
In Figure 2, we plot prediction error ε against update delay Δ t and speed | v → |.
Table 4 Mean update delay for open and urban channel with 20 nanoseconds and 100 nanoseconds scan window.
The penalty for the additional delay for the larger scan window is clear when examining the mean position update delay for both scan window sizes.
Table 4 shows the mean and standard deviation for position update delay, which includes the effects of dropped packets, outliers, and invalid position measurement.
For the open and urban channel, the 100 nanoseconds window size has a mean position update delay that is approximately 27% larger than the 20 nanoseconds case.
From Figure 2, we have observed that the error is approximately proportional to the speed of the target vehicle and the update delay.
Compared to end host mobility and multihoming with HIP, existing HIP-based micro-mobility solutions have optimized handover performance by reducing location update delay.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com