Second, lying requires that the person believe the statement to be false; that is, lying requires that the statement be untruthful (untruthfulness condition).
However, in the case of polite untruths, such as "Madam is not at home," the untruthful statement is simply a euphemism: "For example, the words "She is not at home," delivered by a servant or a relative at the door, have become a mere euphemism for indisposition or disinclination" (Isenberg 1973, 256).
According to the untruthfulness condition, lying requires that a person make an untruthful statement, that is, make a statement that she believes to be false.
Against the untruthfulness condition of L1 it has been objected that an untruthful statement is not necessary for lying.
According to the untruthfulness condition, it is sufficient for lying that the person who makes the untruthful statement intends that the addressee believe the untruthful statement to be true; it is not necessary that the addressee believe the untruthful statement to be true.
He also misled both Barclays and the FCA by providing an account of events that was untruthful.
After the Guardian's disclosures that the NSA collects and stores for five years the phone records of millions of Americans, Clapper conceded he provided the "least untruthful" answer he could in a public forum.
But Mark Latham, leader of the opposition Labor Party, signalled that his campaign would focus on another form of trust: he will be making much of accusations in recent weeks that the prime minister has been untruthful.
The official reason--that no proper invitation was issued--is untruthful.
On March 22nd the tribunal, which spent 15 years scrutinising payments to politicians, found that Mr Ahern was "untruthful" in explaining the source of large sums of money in his bank accounts.
He now says he answered in "the least untruthful manner" possible.
