A lie is an untruthful assertion.
Finally, it has been objected that L1 is insufficient because lying requires that an untruthful assertion be made, and not merely that an untruthful statement be made.
Deceptionists may be divided further in turn into Simple Deceptionists, who hold that lying requires the making of an untruthful statement; Complex Deceptionists, who hold that lying requires the making of an assertion and a breach of trust; and Moral Deceptionists, who hold that lying requires the violation of a moral right of another or the moral wronging of another.
For Simple Deceptionists, lying requires the making of an untruthful statement with an intention to deceive, but it does not require the making of an assertion or a breach of trust.
Because L1 does not have an assertion condition, however, according to L1 it is possible to lie by making ironic statements, telling jokes, writing fiction, acting in a play, and so forth, if the person making the untruthful statement (somehow) intends that it be believed to be true, as in the case of the 'irony lie' above.
For some some non-deceptionists, that condition is warranting the truth of the untruthful statement.
Third, lying requires that the untruthful statement be made to another person (addressee condition).
It is possible for a person to lie by publishing an untruthful report about an event (Kant 1997, 203), or by making an untruthful statement on a tax return, or by sending an untruthful e-mail to everyone on a mailing list, or by making an untruthful statement in a magazine advertisement or a television commercial.
He later said that he gave the least untruthful statement he could think of.
Sir John and Mr Justice Sweeney said they rejected as "untruthful" Davey's assertion that his message was not meant seriously.
According to this objection, one is not lying when one makes a deceptive untruthful ironic statement ('irony lie'), or a deceptive untruthful joke ('joke lie'), or a deceptive untruthful fiction ('fiction lie'), or deceptive untruthful acting ('acting life'), since in none of these cases is one making an assertion.
