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Metadata can be specified as an unstructured set of keywords, or a structured set of key-value term pairs.
Hierarchical clustering (or hierarchic clustering ) outputs a hierarchy, a structure that is more informative than the unstructured set of clusters returned by flat clustering.
The algorithms introduced in Chapter 16 return a flat unstructured set of clusters, require a prespecified number of clusters as input and are nondeterministic.
This method uses the concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic to translate an entirely unstructured set of linguistic heuristics into an algorithm (Mamdani and Assilian 1975).
Every routinized process begins with an unstructured set of creative activities.
Consequently, if we subdivide an unstructured set of accessions according to their species labels, the fraction of the genetic variation present among, rather than within, groups will be higher if those species labels correctly identify the accessions.
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If, by contrast, the entities to which coherence applies are represented as simple unstructured sets, the sets of testimonies in question would be given the same formal representation in terms of the set having A as its sole member.
We show that regardless of the number of reactions in a metabolic genotype, the genotypes of a given phenotype typically form vast, connected, and unstructured sets -- genotype networks -- that nearly span the whole of genotype space.
FGDs were used, for the main reason that they have strength over other qualitative data collection methods (namely, individual interviews) in gathering perceptions and opinions of several respondents simultaneously and systematically [ 30] in informal and unstructured setting, which promotes participation and interaction [ 28, 31].
The aim of retrieving structured information from an initial unstructured data set translated into more meaningful homogeneous regions can be achieved by identifying meaningful structures within the initial collection of objects, and by understanding their topological relationships and spatial arrangement.
Indeed, big data is about finding patterns in the proverbial noise of vast, unstructured data sets.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com