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An external, unrelated variable would have strengthened validity assessment.
In the JAV approach, each function of the incomplete variable is treated as an unrelated variable and a multivariate normal imputation model is used.
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For example, some elementary and middle grade students do not understand how variability might be controlled by reducing effects of unrelated variables (difficulty IVE; Chen and Klahr, 1999; Kuhn and Dean, 2005), while middle school students have trouble interpreting findings when faced with natural variation (difficulty IVA; Kanari and Millar, 2004).
This might be innocuous as long as we are comparing clearly unrelated variables, such as those shown in Figure 1.
But sometimes the first principal component is comprised of a subset of seemingly unrelated variables, in which case there might not be a clear interpretation.
The most common problems resulting from the presence of many variables are spurious correlations (many unrelated variables are correlated by chance), and incidental endogeneity (explanatory variables are correlated with the residual errors) (Fan et al. 2014).
Because there was no normal distribution in our data we used the Mann-Withney U-test for two unrelated variables and the Wilcoxen test for more unrelated variables.
Namely, the expected proportion of pairs of unrelated variables wrongly connected by an edge may be specified.
Female age, indications for treatment, day of biopsy and IVF centres were all unrelated variables to the clinical outcomes.
Biology students have difficulty reducing the effect of unrelated variables in their experiments (difficulty IVE; D'Costa and Schlueter, 2013).
The discriminant validity is referred to the construct and should not correlate with dissimilar or unrelated variables [ 22].
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