Moreover, reward-predicting cues were significantly better remembered than cues followed by rewards in unpredictable blocks, and predicted outcomes were better remembered than unpredicted outcomes (Fig. 2).
Investigation of the ACC responses to feedback commonly involves gambling tasks with expectancy induced through variations in outcome probability [10, 27, 30, 50, 51, 52, 53] with the FN showing larger amplitude responses for unpredicted outcomes [51].
However, these studies did not investigate memory for items which were directly associated with unpredicted outcomes, but rather the consequences of unexpected outcomes for subsequent behavior.
For the outcomes, activation of the ventral striatum alone cannot explain effects on memory, because predicted outcomes activated the ventral striatum to a lesser degree than unpredicted outcomes (Fig. 4D), but were better remembered than the latter (Fig. 2).
To verify whether the same vmPFC regions related to presentation of predicted outcomes are also associated with memory formation of these items, we inclusively masked the contrast of predicted vs. unpredicted outcomes with the subsequent memory contrast for predicted outcomes (at a masking threshold of p<0.05).
Similar effects were observed if all (rewarding and non-rewarding) outcomes were taken into account: Predicted outcomes activated the medial orbitofrontal cortex to a stronger degree (0, 45, -15; Fig. 4C), while unpredicted outcomes activated the bilateral ventral caudate nucleus (-9, 12, 6, and 15, 15, 3; Fig. 4D).
This would be a wholly unpredicted outcome, which many romantically inclined neutrals, such as Bagehot, would cheer.Though no pauper, the once-great club is much less rich than the league's usual winners.
Postoperative nasal septum deviation is a rare and unpredicted outcome after the surgery.
The VBM analysis generated an unpredicted effect of late MIA on 4th ventricle volume.
Such an unpredicted final outcome has led to some big political beasts already falling to the SNP onslaught.
There was a scene happening, unexpected, unpredictable and unpredicted, but there and real.
