Nevertheless, our data show a robust dilation of subjective time which replicates prior studies that have used unpredictable targets [2].
Predictable targets were detected not only more frequently than unpredictable targets, but also reliably faster with less variance (see error bars [SEM] in Fig. 2 C).
We stimulated left V5 with double-pulse TMS before, during, and after the presentation of predictable or unpredictable targets on the apparent motion trace.
We used the paradigm by Schwiedrzik et al. (2007), in which we flashed spatio-temporally predictable or unpredictable targets on the apparent motion trace and disrupted V5 with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before, during, or after target presentation.
Both findings corroborate the idea of predictive coding: Spatio-temporally predictable targets are more efficiently processed than unpredictable targets and elicit a lower signal in V1 due to their smaller error signal.
In addition to previous findings, we also found that mean reaction times, across conditions, were shorter for predictable than for unpredictable targets (see Fig. 2 D for absolute reaction times for all experimental conditions; F1,16 = 20.61; P < 0.001).
These results suggested none to occasional leakage of LV particles outside CNS tissue through the circulation following neonatal injection, possibly as a consequence of the elevation of CSF pressure owing to the injection procedure and/or to unpredictable targeting of blood vessels.
Event-related time course regressors were also used to determine whether AOAs primarily reflected detection of the unpredictable auditory targets.
Similarly, RNAi has temporary knockdown effects, unpredictable off-target influence and too much background noise [ 1].
On the contrary, the unpredictable off-target interaction may also give rise to safety effects on patients.
