Cross-country comparisons of unofficial payments in the health sector are sparse.
In 2002, we worked with national counterparts in the Baltic States to examine unofficial payments in the health sector.
2. Cockcroft A, Andersson N, Paredes-Solis S, Caldwell D, Mitchell S, Milne D, Merhi S, Roche M, Konceviciute E, Ledogar R: An inter-country comparison of unofficial payments: Results of a health sector social audit in the Baltic States.
Puente and others are warning that more government intervention will only further weaken Venezuela's private sector, discourage investment and accelerate unofficial devaluation.
Prison officers made a dramatic contribution to a day of action by public sector workers with a wave of unofficial protest meetings, before a threatened injunction forced them back to work.
In her excellent 2012 book Health Care for Some: Rights and Rationing in the United States since 1930, Beatrix Hoffman shows us how we have long rationed health care, not in a top-down way but "by price, insurance coverage and other methods involving both the private and public sectors in ways both official and unofficial, intended and unintended, visible and invisible".
Petty corruption in the health sector can manifest in several practices, including unofficial payments, salaries of "phantom" workers, use of official time for private consultations and privatisation of public supplies and services [ 10].
I've interviewed a a number of senior women now, working in a range of different sectors, and almost all of them act as an unofficial mentor to a small clutch of colleagues, usually after being approached in the corridor or in the office kitchen.
No houses had been razed in the eastern sector since last October, and the demolitions seemed to indicate a shift from the unofficial freeze that Israel imposed on them after much criticism from the Obama administration.
The Purchasing Managers' Index, or P.M.I., for the services sector grew for the fourth consecutive month in January, while both the official and unofficial gauges of manufacturing P.M.I. indicated expansion in January, albeit with some divergence between the two.
