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In our case, the generation of micro-state and the variation of macro-state can be described by the observable process and unobservable process, respectively.
Let X = X1..N be an unobservable process that takes its values from a finite set of classes Ω = ω 1,..., ω K and let Y = Y1.N be an observable process that takes its values in R and that can be seen as a noisy version of X.
Within these larger organizational and societal contexts, HW motivation is an individual, internal and unobservable process [ 40].
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Briefly, Kalman filtering provides equations for the best estimate of based on, where is treated as an unobservable signal process, satisfying (1.1).
The Bayesian network models cancer progression by an explicit unobservable accumulation process in time that is separated from the observable but error-prone detection of mutations.
State-space models are useful for estimating complex, unobservable population processes and making predictions about future populations based on limited data.
The state of the hidden nodes (unobservable volcanic processes) and eruptive outcome can then be estimated from the input observations using Bayesian inference (see Aspinall et al. 2003).
Though most realists marry their position to the successful reference of theoretical terms, including those for unobservable entities, processes, properties, and relations (Boyd 1983, and as described by Laudan 1981), some deny that this is a requirement (Cruse & Papineau 2002, Papineau 2010).
Explanationism recommends realist commitment with respect to those parts of our best theories regarding (unobservable) entities, processes, laws, etc. that are in some sense indispensible or otherwise important to explaining their empirical success for instance, components of theories that are crucial in order to derive successful, novel predictions.
It must be pointed out that is an unobservable underlying stochastic process.
IDV(3) is defined as unobservable from the process data in [17], which implies no observable change in mean or the variance can be detected.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com