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The results for the wheel-rail lateral force, derailment coefficient, and wheel unloading rate are shown in Fig. 8.
Upon lowering the unloading rate by one order of magnitude, ductile behavior is induced and shear faulting is suppressed.
A lower unloading rate or a higher maximum indentation load promotes the occurrence of a pop-out.
This paper presents a study of the effect of unloading rate on the creep recovery of force transducers.
Upon pressure release, Si-II undergoes a further phase transformation to a mixed-phase of Si-III (bc8, body-centered-cubic structure) and Si-XII (r8, rhombohedral structure) at a low unloading rate while it transforms to the α-Si phase at a fast unloading rate [3, 7, 8].
The critical contact pressure for initiating phase transformation during unloading is independent of the maximum indentation load or of the unloading rate.
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The maximum load was 5 mN, and the loading and unloading rates were 1 mN/s.
Also, the new micro-cracks in the coal samples could not extend or penetrate within a short period of time with the increase in the unloading rates.
Therefore, based on the mining mechanics path, this study utilized a mechanical testing procedure for gas-containing coal under different loading and unloading rates.
Because the effect caused by the coupler or brake shoe in the vertical direction was very small, the wheel unloading rates remained nearly the same under all running conditions.
Under the conditions of unloading both the axial and confining pressures at the same time (UAUC), when the unloading rates of the confining pressure were 0.01 MPa/s, 0.02 MPa/s, and 0.05 MPa/s, the coal sample reached a rupture state in a relatively short period of time.
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