Exact(4)
For example, group X would turn into group Y, unless group Z was present elsewhere in the reactant molecules.
That is, if DIF is present, group comparisons of latent factor means are confounded by group differences in the factor structure and therefore cannot be meaningfully interpreted unless group comparisons are made within the SEM framework, where DIF can be accounted for [70].
Kin selection theory can explain the evolution of cooperation within groups of related individuals, but unless group members are clones, there is also potential for conflict [ 1].
Unless group size is extremely large (i.e., several hundred to thousands of animals per group), the selection of only low doses for the cancer bioassay or short exposure durations can lead to a misinterpretation of the carcinogenic potential of the agent under study and its potential risk at human exposure levels.
Similar(56)
First, integrity is linked to trustworthiness and unless groups trust their leaders they will not be able (or willing) to perform well.
The cuts mean that unless groups like the NCOA, which use HUD grants to offer the counseling free to potential borrowers, can raise other funds, they will have to charge for the service.
They drew up a new action plan for FUNAI, based solidly on the principle of no contact unless groups faced extinction.
Reproductive death provides no selective benefit (unless group-selection theories of aging are correct) and 'grandmother hypothesis' contradicts the evolutionary theory.
This means that payoff bias decreases the frequency of altruists in every group unless groups are small enough or migration rates are low enough that there is enough relatedness within groups to create a compensating inclusive fitness benefit (or equivalently, maintain sufficient variation among groups so that there is sufficient between group selection in favor of altruists).
For each SNP, HRs were generated using common allele homozygotes as the reference group (unless otherwise specified).
This overview considered reviews on interventions which were compared against no placebo or treatment or control group (unless otherwise indicated).
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