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Therefore, the shadowing materials in this study included more than a few unknown vocabulary and grammar expressions; while the degree of unfamiliarity may largely vary depending on the language proficiency level of each student.
It is suggested that the level of shadowing script ideally should include 2 or 3 unknown vocabulary items in every 100 words; and that it be presented at the speed that learners can listen and grasp the general meaning, which is the proximal level of i-1, where they can feel comfortable in shadowing (Kadota 2007, p. 236).
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Old Prussian also contained many inflectional forms and vocabulary items unknown in East Baltic.
The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary remains mostly unknown to learners: only 7% (16/215) of students and 16% (9/56) of residents have heard about it, while it is fairly well known among the lecturers (57% [17/30]), p < 0.001).
Ming et al. [41] proposed a data-driven technique that is also based on long-term temporal dynamics, intended for the general scenario in which the vocabulary and grammar are unknown.
More generally, Davidson's token-identity claim is that the predicates that come to form the vocabulary of the as-yet unknown strict-law science will be capable of being used to describe mental events.
Based on Kneser-Ney smoothing, a back-off trigram language model (KN3) was trained on the 2000h Fisher transcripts for decoding, where the vocabulary
Don't just learn vocabulary in set lists, but also identify words unknown to you in reading and listening tasks.
Her penultimate novel, "Elephants Can Remember," exhibits a "staggering drop in vocabulary" -- of 31percentt -- when compared with "Destination Unknown," a novel she wrote 18 years earlier.
The vocabulary size is 10K, including a special token for unknown words.
The vocabulary and syntax of mentalese (if it exists) remain unknown, but they are likely to be very different from those of English or any other natural (actually spoken) language.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com