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What is the expected value gained in health/lives saved and expected risk of unknown harms compared to delaying delivery to better determine efficacy?
In its original form, this game is difficult to apply in the context of RCTs[ 8] because, as discussed below, it does not take trust into account, which is essential for enrollment of patients into experimental clinical trials characterized with hope-for-benefits and unknown harms.
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Do parents who choose to limit or deny access to tablets deprive their children of technological intelligence, or are they keeping them safe from an as yet unknown harm?
Or they may travel mysteriously by underground streams, emerging to combine, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, into new forms, which kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells.
This regulation is strongly driven by the precautionary principle, which dictates avoidance of possible (unknown) harm.
The exponential increase in publications about e-cigarettes compared to the slower, linear increase in publications about waterpipes suggests greater interest on the part of the scientific community for studying a novel nicotine product of unknown harm than for a traditional tobacco product with a larger body of evidence suggesting associated health harms.
For those who viewed the issue in the long term, they mostly used justifications such as "potential benefits to ecology," "more evidence is needed," "existence of unknown risks or harms," or "promotion of human progress" to advance their arguments regarding the issue.
"There is statistical uncertainty around the estimates of benefits and harm, but perhaps the biggest unknown is how much harm women will find acceptable for an uncertain benefit," he added.
However, it is unknown whether protein accumulation harms the function of the UPS or whether the failure of the UPS leads to protein accumulation.
The effects of the aforementioned products, thus, remain unknown until reports on harms expose the problem and accurate clinical evaluation takes place.
In young people, substance use is an established correlate of self-harm 13, but it is unknown whether teenagers who self-harm are at increased risk of dependent use of alcohol and drugs in their adult years.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com