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This periodic structure includes the A + T-rich UP-element of bacterial promoters known before but was found to extend up to −100, indicating hitherto unknown constraints influencing promoter architecture and possibly also promoter function.
The former assumes that the surrounding DNA is under no functional constraint (as opposed to some unknown constraints).
In the comparison between retrogenes with unknown constraints and parental genes that are known to be functional, a stricter criterion should be Ka/Ks < 0.5 to identify functionality of the retrogenes [ 11, 15].
As Lisa Feldman Barrett, a professor of psychology at Northeastern University, explained in the New York Times recently, honestly reported failures to replicate can bring important insight into the unknown constraints and conditions that influence phenomena, and therefore provide a path to new insight and discovery.
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) Instead, there was a widespread belief that energy quantization resulted from some unknown constraint on the matter that absorbs or emits radiation.
Since the Maxwell theory of light allows for all possible energies of electromagnetic radiation, most physicists assumed initially that the energy quantization resulted from some unknown constraint on the matter that absorbs or emits the radiation.
However, this would require a) an ancestral in-built tendency of Cad to modulate Delta, b) a predisposition for the Notch pathway to form oscillatory clocks, and c) some unknown constraint of selective advantage leading to the repeated recruitment of these pathways in different phyla, in the face of other genes that could fulfil similar roles.
Alternatively, there may be unknown biological constraints which contribute to this deviation.
LBA pulls Chlamydomonas away from other green plant sequences, but unknown evolutionary constraints (apparently related to CTD-based transcription [ 37]) prevent it from being drawn completely out of the CTD-clade.
To estimate these unknown parameters, constraint-based, robust nonlinear optimization methods are needed, as established in our previous work [1].
However, in practice, the nonlinear functions are often completely unknown for the constraints of the modeling method or unknown dynamic disturbances.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com