If the existing social contract still works, UREs as 'enterprises possessed by universities' should not operate in the internal core of university sphere.
In the case of a university sphere, an academic register can include such genres as essay, review, report, project, monograph, etc.
In 1978 federally funded job training and employment programs (outside of the K-12 and university spheres) accounted for 40% of its workforce budget.
In the statist model, which lacks relative independence among the actors, the government institutional sphere includes the industrial and university spheres.
UREs that are owned by their mother universities are in the internal core of university institutional sphere, rather than in the external field; a spin-off arises from the mother university, but is independent to the mother institutionally.
It will cause a more blurred university-industry boundary if the URE stays in the core of the university institutional sphere long term.
For example, the university functional sphere has teaching, research, and social service functions as its unique functions; at the same time, it has 'shared functions' such as technology transfer, policymaking consulting, and spin-off startups.
Our study also shows that men develop their own masculine hierarchy within the university social sphere, which puts more value on some members than the others, e.g. men with academic achievements or those who are involved in campus activities tend to feel more respected.
In recent years, various socioeconomic developments, especially in the political sphere, and not least an increasing internationalization and harmonization of university performance, have led to numerous changes in the European university sector (De Filippo et al. 2012; Delgado-Márquez et al. 2013).
Led by MIT Associate Professor of Literature Stephanie Frampton, ARTificial Intelligence radically draws on both the university and public spheres as sites of critical engagement and embodies the spirit of public-facing scholarship.
Figure 1 Current triple helix illustration of university-industry-government sphere relations.
