And their legacy was an alternative structure of government agencies (the Federal Reserve Board, the Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Food and Drug Administration), universities, professions, news organizations, foundations, and so on, all of which they regarded as bulwarks against the industrial oligopolies.
The third leg of the tenure stool is service, or evidence that a faculty member is willing to work for the betterment of the university, profession, and public at large.
I am an instructor, which for me means 88percentt of my job is teaching and 12percentt involves service - to my department, college, university, profession and community.
In Iraq, they packed the universities and professions.
No legal barriers exclude women from universities and professions, particularly in the south.
EVEN under Leonid Brezhnev, when would-be émigrés were persecuted and Jews had trouble entering some universities and professions, Communist propaganda had its limits: it was careful not to criticise Jews in general or denigrate Judaism as a faith.
The economists say that, despite the introduction of wealth taxes early in the 20th century, the arrival of mass education and the opening of the universities and professions to a modern meritocracy, social mobility rates have not changed "one iota".
But with social mobility having stalled, that meritocratic argument does not apply to many other high-earning positions - unless scientists manage to locate an "Oxbridge gene" that explains why so many end up in similar universities and professions as their parents.
More importantly, what can we legitimately expect of non-governmental institutions, our universities, our professions, our churches, the media and, indeed, ourselves?
That's because there are still far fewer opportunities in business, especially corporate business, universities, the professions and the trades for women than men.
For many of these non-university-bound students, their stories indicate that the school's focus on university track professions and subsequent dismissal of plans that deviate from university entrance, often undermines student's (equally worthwhile) dreams and aspirations.
