This notion of original cultural identity stands of course in sharp contrast to the Confucian ethos of universalism and its concept of "humanness," as a universal state that preceded or transcended culture.
Universalism and exclusiveness are a common historical characteristic of Abrahamic religions.
So anthropologists have ended up thrashing about between the worlds of universalism and relativism.
Most European countries, constrained by liberal universalism and the immigrationism ideology, were simply too laissez-faire towards migrants.
Dr. Schor once said she had love affairs with intellectual "ism's," including fetishism, realism, idealism, universalism and feminism, her favorite.
French universalism and Anglo-Saxon capitalism, so it was believed, threatened the unique values of culture and race.
In Judaism, monotheistic universalism and exclusivity as the "chosen people" was benign, confined to the Jewish people.
The inherited virus of universalism and exclusivity, the "chosen" and "only way" drives secularists to crusade against any alternatives in the public domain.
Rather, Chakrabarti's warmth and her frequent invocations of Labour values of universalism and human rights suggest an appeal to decency, calmness and common humanity.
It seeks a like-minded state to preserve the principle of national sovereignty against Western-led moral universalism and "interference" in its domestic affairs.
But does Caldwell want to reverse the postwar liberal universalism and its associated playing down of national identity, which was partly inspired by the US itself?
