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Subjecting institutions to a single universal rational benchmark can ruin them.
Diderot repeats the classical dictum that art should imitate nature, but, whereas, for French classicists, the nature that art should imitate is ideal nature – a static, universal rational order – for Diderot, nature is dynamic and productive.
Such formulations suggest that Habermas equated the meaning of truth with the outcome of a universal, rational consensus, which he understood in reference to the ideal speech situation (ibid., 97 98).
Pretty soon, white people discovered that they had the "duty" to help the colored people escape their cultural specificity and become part of the new universal rational civilization that was whiteness' gift to humanity.
The Jews refused to just abandon their religion and culture to join the newly secularized "enlightened" Christian thinkers in their universal rational civilization, or what has come to be known as "whiteness".
To them, cultural tradition was the reason that stupid religious wars were being fought, so they wanted to mine the universal truths out of Christianity and develop a transcendent, universal rational system of thought they could share in common with all people.
Similar(53)
The parts of this definiens are the universals rational and animal.
Such public commitments to "marriages of the soul" were common in pre-modern times, Bray notes, before they were eroded by the Enlightenment ethic of "universal" and "rational" fraternity.
If the world were Adam Smith's, peopled by the universal perfectly rational 'economic man', no regulation of the global economy beyond the 'invisible hand' of perfectly functioning markets would be required.
But the contemporary understanding of autonomy within the field of bioethics has been distinctly unKantian in its jettisoning of Kant's metaphysics of action and his key distinction between autonomy, defined as allegiance to universal and rational moral law, and heteronomy, defined as the determination of action by "mere" individually defined interests.
There he promoted his religion as the most universal and rational faith, challenging the fair's exhibits that portrayed Muslims as exotic and romantic yet ultimately inferior to Protestant Christians.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com