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Many approaches to sound change attempt to derive common patterns of sound change from universal pressures, such as physiological and psychoacoustic constraints on speech.
Accounts of this type face the following problem: it is not clear why universal pressures only lead to changes in some languages, but not in others.
The simulated sound systems evolve towards stable states in adaptive landscapes defined partly by universal pressures (e.g. phonetic biases and contrast maintenance) and partly by language-specific factors (e.g. the relative frequency of specific phonetic environments).
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A simple universal pressure pump curve collapses the data for a variety of working fluids and voltage.
Despite the almost universal pressure on him to go, there remain those in the party who lamented Weiner's passing as a prominent liberal politician who was prepared to speak out on core left-wing principles.
There may be a "universal pressure" to increase the fraction of C-ending codons from the 5′ to the 3′ end of the gene that can be explained by the need to increase the speed of transcription in this direction.
The recent discovery of strong universal selective pressures to increase GC content in most bacteria (Hildebrand et al. 2010), and perhaps even the existence of GC-biased gene conversion in eukaryotes (Duret and Galtier 2009), perhaps may also suggest an underlying need to counteract a universal mutational pressure of genomic DNA to become stiffer over evolutionary timescales.
Depending on the threshold and the organisms used, they can be seen as gene associations with different evolutionary success, and thus they may be related to more or less universal selective pressures.
When anaesthesia was established and the tracheal tube or the laryngeal mask was in place, the cuff pressure was determined by a Universal cuff pressure gauge with an upper scale limit of 120 cm H2O (VBM Medizintechnik GmbH, Baden-Württemberg, Germany).
Finally, we will describe work in progress to constrain the evolution of the "Universal" temperature, pressure, and entropy profiles as a function of redshift.
Maintenance of folding stability is universal selection pressure acting on all proteins except perhaps intrinsically disordered proteins (Dokholyan and Shakhnovich 2001; Williams et al. 2006; Goldstein 2008; Soskine and Tawfik 2010; Heo et al. 2011; Serohijos et al. 2012, 2013; Serohijos and Shakhnovich 2014).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com