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He saw that universal inclusion of diverse citizens was essential to satisfying both the internal and external criteria of success for democratic decision-making.
Universal inclusion makes maximal use of such situated knowledge, which we have seen is critical for solving the kinds of complex problems modern democracies face.
Despite these virtues of the DTA Theorem, it fails to model two other features of democracy: the noninstrumental importance of universal inclusion (i.e., a universal franchise and free speech for all), and the dynamic aspects of democracy.
Dewey's experimentalist model of democracy is superior to the DTA theorem in representing the values of universal inclusion and dynamic feedback as essential to the epistemic powers of democracy.
But universal inclusion is also essential to ensuring satisfaction of the internal criterion of success for democratic decision-making: that the decisions fairly represent everyone's concerns, and thereby represent an object of public concern.
The DTA Theorem represents epistemic diversity as instrumentally valuable, and universal inclusion as potentially so, insofar as it ensures the inclusion of whatever epistemic feature (information, heuristics, perspicuous representation) may hold a vital key to the solution of some particular problem.
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Although diversity is the banner under which our modern moral crusaders often march, no one has ever fought for diversity, for universal, undiscriminating inclusion; rather, everyone fights for the inclusion of one's own kind.
We are all today liberals in the sense that we accept universal political inclusion.
They realised they had better quickly locate some other goal the microfinance movement could proclaim to be genuinely passionate about and diligently working towards, otherwise there would be real trouble – enter "universal financial inclusion".
Martin: World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim has said, "Having access to financial services is a critical step towards reducing both poverty and inequality, and new data show unprecedented opportunities to use technology to achieve universal financial inclusion". How do you think Mastercard can really move the needle?
Unfortunately, while financial struggle is fairly universal, financial inclusion is not.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com