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Thabo Mbeki, of South Africa, still seems reluctant to accept the otherwise universal hypothesis that AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus with all the dire medical consequences that flow from his refusal to take the right actions.Still, Mr Mbeki will not remain in office for ever, and it is his comparatively rich country that is leading the charge.
Assume that H is a universal hypothesis.
In the spirit of Boyle, though, Newton tends to treat his matter theory as instrumentally useful rather than as a universal hypothesis in search of further instances.
In Hempel's view, the key valid message of Nicod's statement is that the observation report that an object \(a\) displays properties \(F\) and \(G\) (e.g., that \(a\) is a swan and is white) confirms the universal hypothesis that all \(F\ -objects are \(G\)-objects (namely, that all swans are white).
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This should lead to development of universal hypotheses and compelling requirements to test approaches experimentally only in animal models providing the highest scientifically relevant output directly related to addressing the hypotheses and direct translation to human benefit, with minimized animal detriment.
P-values are based on the assumption of the universal null hypothesis being correct, whereas a priori knowledge motivated several of the hypotheses we examined, specifically those related to different congener classes; in this situation, multiple comparisons can be justifiable as part of a careful and thorough evaluation of patterns of associations [ 98].
The results supported the hyperthermophilic universal ancestor hypothesis.
Cf. Wiltschko's Universal Spine hypothesis where layers such as CP (linking), IP (anchoring), AspP (point of view), and vP (classification) are distinguished.
In a critique of the universal recognition hypothesis Russell [17] suggested that agreement on dimensions such as valence and arousal may be universal, but that recognition of more discrete categories of emotion such as happiness or anger may be culture specific.
Corrections were not made for multiple testing among variants since there is clear biological evidence that each pathway represented by the candidate SNPs in this study is involved in the regulation of t-PA and PAI-1 expression either directly or indirectly meaning that the universal null hypothesis of association by random chance does not apply [19].
Therefore, we believe that the universal null hypothesis is unlikely to apply to our study.
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